Grand Canyon University Lower Job Choice and Lateral Aggression Responses

Article 1: Furst, C. (2018). The Relationship Between Experiences of Lateral Violence and Career Choice Satisfaction Among Nursing Students. Nursing Education [LP1] Perspectives, 39(4), 241–243. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000314

The key findings in this article show the direct correlation between lateral violence and decreased professional identity, increased errors on the floor and poor self-esteem. In turn, the article shows how this creates a negative culture as these behaviors can be learned and conveyed to new graduate nurses and nursing students as they go into the profession. The study population for the article was 239 ADN students. The main purpose of the study is to answer if the presence of lateral violence affects career choice satisfaction. Of the 239 ADN students, 86.2% reported experiencing lateral violence, leading to a decrease in career choice satisfaction. Strength of the article is how it shoes the direct correlation between decreased career choice satisfaction and the presence of lateral violence which helps answers the PICOT question for my capstone. Weakness includes the size of the study. Doing the study on a larger scale with other populations could yield more substantive and current results.

Article 2: O’Connell, K. M., Garbark, R. L., & Nader, K. C. (2019). Cognitive Rehearsal Training to Prevent Lateral Violence in a Military Medical Facility. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 34(3), 645–653. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2018.07.003

The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of lateral violence within a military facility and the potential effects of cognitive rehearsal training on its occurrence. This study utilizes 511 newly licensed nurses and has them go through both pre and post intervention studies to determine the effects of cognitive rehearsal training in the presence of lateral violence. The study reveals how cognitive rehearsal training was able to provide participants with the confidence to respond to the perpetrators. The study then goes into the background of lateral violence and states how the frequent saying “nurses eat their young ” has become both an accepted and comical phrase that is used to describe a nurse’s rite of passage into the profession. This article defines lateral violence as overt and covert behaviors that include, sabotage by withholding information, being hypercritical or finding fault, derogatory remarks, gossip, rumors, as well as using others as a scapegoat. The author makes a powerful statement that the ones inflicting workplace bullying perceived power from the situation, and when a workplace culture does not enforce repercussions, the violent behaviors repeat and flourish. Strength of this study includes how implementation of things such as cognitive rehearsal training can provide victims with the confidence to handle lateral violence effectively. With that, a weakness of the study is lack of overall data that the implementation of cognitive rehearsal training is effective enough when it comes to the presence of lateral violence.

Article 3: Wolf, L. A., Perhats, C., Clark, P. R., Moon, M. D., & Zavotsky, K. E. (2018). Workplace bullying in emergency nursing: Development of a grounded theory using situational [LP1] analysis. International Emergency Nursing, 39, 33–39. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2017.09.002

This article provides insight into how the workplace environment is directly related to the nurse’s ability to provide effective and safe care. 43 emergency RN’s are utilized for this study to have greater insight on how lateral violence affects patient outcomes. The study revealed how the presence of workplace bullying in the ED affected the dynamics of patient care, nursing work culture and nurse retention. The presence of lateral violence created both direct and indirect sequelae in the ED. Directly, workplace bullying increased the rates of errors and substandard care. Indirectly, workplace bullying created a high turnover of nurses, causing inexperienced staff to replace the RNs who left to escape bullying behavior. The strength of this article is how it interviewed each of the 43 nurses to get detailed responses on how lateral violence effects each individual. Weakness is that the study is confined to the ED, rather than a hospital-wide study.

Article 4: Wech, B. A., Howard, J., & Autrey, P. (2020). Workplace Bullying Model: a Qualitative Study on Bullying in Hospitals. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 32(2), 73. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s10672-020-09345-z

This article dives deeper into lateral violence to identify what individual, hierarchical and organizational issues have led to bullying behaviors. In addition, the study also looks into how bullying behaviors affected the victim and how their subsequent reaction to the bullying. According to the study, there are individual, social and contextual antecedents of bullying. In addition, the study also points to how bullying in the workplace can cause both organizational and individual effects. Individual effects of lateral violence include negative outcomes for health, motivation and well-being for both the victim and the witnesses of lateral violence. Organizational effects include increased turnover and decreased productivity. In regards to the hierarchical issues, the article shares how lateral violence can go up the chain of command involving nurse managers and directors. Infiltration of lateral violence up the hierarchy creates fear of retaliation when coming forth about workplace violence, allowing the cycle to continue. A huge strength of this article is how it looks at the motive of what drives lateral violence and the different playing fields it can occur on such as individual, hierarchical and organizational.

Article 5: Schoville, R., & Aebersold M. (2020) How Workplace Bullying and Incivility Impacts Patient Safety: A Qualitative Simulation Study Using BSN Students. Clinical Simulation in Nursing. Volume 45, Pages 16-23, ISSN 1876-1399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2020.01.003.

This article brings to light how lateral violence occurs internationally and begins in academic education programs. This study evaluates the impact of a bullying simulation on 169 BSN students who chose to partake in the simulation. A post evaluation after the simulation revealed that lateral violence jeopardizes patient safety and outcomes. The students in the study also stated how going through the simulation was meaningful as it taught them ways to navigate the presence of lateral violence in the field. The study placed an emphasis on new graduate nurses as they are the most likely to experience bullying and incivility in their first job. The article shares how new nurses are already overwhelmed with learning how to manage their workload and adjust to being a nurse, and the addition of bullying increased their stress. The article suggests implementing simulation-based education for workplace bullying so students can understand the impact it has on patient safety as well as how to respond appropriately and beneficially. By implementing these scenarios, the author states that the students will develop skills for managing those situations, utilizing debriefing and reflection, as well as seeing the impact on patient care, safety, nurse stress and burnout. A strength of this article is how it provides a tactile solution to the issue of lateral violence…which is the implementation of simulations in school.

Article 6: Al Muharraq, E. H., Baker, O. G., & Alallah, S. M. (2022). The Prevalence and The Relationship of Workplace Bullying and Nurses Turnover Intentions: A Cross Sectional Study. SAGE Open Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608221074655 (Ashley)

My research focuses on the optimal use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to maintain their effectiveness for nurses and patients’ protection.

1. Bauchner, H., Fontanarosa, P. B., & Livingston, E. H. (2020). Conserving supply of personal protective equipment—a call for ideas. Jama, 323(19), 1911-1911. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4770

The strength of the article include that it elaborates how the absence of PPE affect the patient care process in the United States and the rest if the world. The paper is also effective in elaborating the possible solutions that could be used to deal with the absence of PPE, including how to conserve PPE and the possible ways of sourcing PPE. The effectiveness of the article include that the information generated from the article are article are generated from the physicians dealing with the patients, consequently suggesting increased accuracy in the information. The weakness of the paper include that it fails to focus on individual type of PPE to express their effectiveness in the patient care process. The article generalised all the various types of PPE, consequently making it difficult to determine the effectiveness of each if the PPE equipment.

2. Cohen, J. Rodgers van der Meulen Y (2020) Contributing factors to personal protective equipment shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prev Med, 141, 106263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106263

The strength of the article include that it addresses the shortage of PPE during the COVID-19 crisis. The article elaborates the high costing of the PPE resulted in the inability of hospitals to get the necessary PPE required in the patient care process. the article is further effective in addressing the various reason ns resulting in the unavailability of enough PPE, including the lack of government initiatives and interventions to ensure the availability of enough supply of PPE. The weakness of the article, however include that it fails to elaborate the necessary measures that could be used to limit the unavailability of PPE, it fails to elaborate the necessary measures that could be adopted to ensure the availability of enough PPEs as a way of ensuring that the prices of PPE do not rise to points that make them almost inaccessible.

3. Kazungu, J., Munge, K., Werner, K., Risko, N., Vecino-Ortiz, A. I., & Were, V. (2021). Examining the cost-effectiveness of personal protective equipment for formal healthcare workers in Kenya during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07015-w

The strength of the article is that it focuses on the effectiveness of the PPE based on the COVID – 19 pandemics, making the challenge of the absence of the PPE more relatable. It elaborates the effectiveness of the PPEs by elaborating that despite the availability of other protective measures, the lack of the PPEs would increase the possibility of disease transfer from one person to another. The challenge of the article, however, include that that it fails to determine how the PPE if used alone without other protective measures, could facilitate the control of various infectious diseases.

4. Martin-Delgado, J., Viteri, E., Mula, A., Serpa, P., Pacheco, G., Prada, D., … & Mira, J. J. (2020). Availability of personal protective equipment and diagnostic and treatment facilities for healthcare workers involved in COVID-19 care: A cross-sectional study in Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador. PloS One, 15(11), e0242185. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242185

the strength of the article include that it efficiently elaborates the shortage of PPE in the hospital facilities. It elaborates the shortage of PPE in the intensive care unit and the high dependency units as responsible in improving the rate of infections in these care units. It especially elaborates s the challenges that face the lack of PPE in the public care units. The challenges in the article include that while it focuses on public hospitals, it fails to make a comparison with private health care facilities. The article also fails to dress how the negative challenges that the health care professions face as a result of inadequate PPE could be addressed.

5. Min, H. S., Moon, S., Jang, Y., Cho, I., Jeon, J., & Sung, H. K. (2021). The use of personal protective equipment among frontline nurses in a nationally designated COVID-19 Hospital during the Pandemic. Infection & Chemotherapy, 53(4), 705. https://dx.doi.org/10.3947%2Fic.2021.0094

The article is effective in elaborating the effectiveness of PPE in reducing risks in the patient care process. It further elaborates the benefits of the appropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) can significantly reduce the risk of infection associated with caring for patients. It is effective in elaborating the role of accountability in improving the use of PPE among the healthcare providers. The challenges in the article include that it fails to elaborate the role of accountability of the rest of the employees in healthcare system on facilitating the effectiveness of the PPE.

6. Neuwirth, M.M., Mattner, F., & Otchwemah, R. (2020). Adherence to personal protective equipment use among healthcare workers caring for confirmed COVID-19 and alleged non-COVID-19 patients. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 9(199), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00864-w

The effectiveness of the article in the care process incudes that it is effective of elaborating the benefits of PPE in preventing the spread of infections during two major pandemics. It is effective on elaborating the effectiveness of the PPE in a way that makes them effectiveness not only related to a special disease, rather, it makes them considered effective for all infections. The challenge of the paper is that it fails to elaborate the effectiveness of other measures in making other healthcare measures effective in reducing the spread on the various other ways in controlling the spread of infection. (Margaret)

Article 1: childhood nutrition can be influenced by what they see on TV. Studies have shown that children make decisions to eat unhealthy food by seeing junk food on TV. The benefit of this study is that it shows the negative association between TV ads and unhealthy food consumption. The weakness of this study is that it doesn’t solve the issue. The promotion of healthy food through the media doesn’t convince children to eat healthily. Different methods of education are required for children to make healthy decisions (Binder et al., 2021).

Article 2: This article discusses the correlation between obesity and MDD. The strength of this article is that it demonstrates the importance of combatting childhood obesity. The weakness of the study is that it is limited since the studied population was small (Gibson-Smith et al., 2020).

Article 3: This article researches the benefits of an RDN. The strength of this research shows the long-term benefits of having an RDN on staff. The knowledge that an RDN brings to the well-being of the children can help lower obesity in children. The weakness of this article is the financial aspect. It is unknown if insurance companies or private companies will fund an RDN which would lead to this resource not being available (Kirk et al., 2022).

Article 4: This article discusses the benefits of teaching children about healthy eating. The study showed a positive result in the children eating habits after the proper education. The weakness in this study was that it studied private school kids, preforming the study on a more diverse group would be a more comprehensive study (Selimin & Yildirim, 2020).

Article 5: The benefits of this article are that small evidence-based interventions can really make a difference to combat childhood obesity. These interventions have been able to give the children better and healthier lives. The weakness in this study is matching the interventions with the right child and medical history (Smith et al., 2020).

Article 6: The benefits of this study are that it proves that a lack of nutrition in the morning can lead to a decrease in academic performance. This proves the benefit of proper nutrition. The weakness of this study was that it doesn’t show the results of skipping breakfast long term (Smith et al., 2017). (Ester)

3 DQ 1………………………………………………………………………………

Evidence evaluation is a critical component that must be considered before an evidence-based strategy can be fully implemented. This evaluation is carried out by using two methods: systematic review and meta-analysis. These are used to determine the evidence’s validity and reliability, as well as its applicability in practice. The systematic review entails conducting a thorough and thorough search that includes locating, acquiring, and assembling relevant literature to solve the specific question at hand (Evans et al., 2018). Meta-analysis is the process of analyzing data from primary sources and drawing conclusions from that data. To deduce and use its conclusions effectively necessitates a thorough comprehension of statistical concepts.

Despite their differences, the two methods have certain parallels. They are both higher levels of analyzing evidence that is used in nursing to make vital decisions. As a result, they are regarded as more dependable in clinical decision-making and are preferable to all other Randomized Controlled Trials. They both entail gathering data, analyzing it, and drawing conclusions from it. While a systematic review employs qualitative assessments and the utilization of empirical evidence, a meta-analysis uses the summarization of secondary results to get its conclusions (Ahn & Kang, 2018). To put it another way, meta-analysis examines literature from a variety of authoritative sources and makes conclusive conclusions from it, which are subsequently used in evidence-based nursing practices. Meta-analysis is statistical in nature and employs numerical judgments in evaluating evidence, whereas systematic review is a formally structured approach to evidence appraisal. It’s dependent on how often something happens. Meta-analysis integrates samples from different sources to boost reliability, while systematic review pulls evidence from multiple sources. (Nargiza)

According to Wright et al. (2003), the levels of evidence are the classification of study quality which can be presented as a hierarchical rating system. As the level of evidence placed is higher in the system, the evidence has been evaluated and filtered based on evidence-based practice measures (Idaho State University Libraries, 2015). On the hierarchy of levels of evidence of research, Dang & Dearholt (2018) explain level I is an experimental study, randomized controlled trial (RCT), a systematic review of RCTs, with or without meta-analysis, and level II is a systematic review of a combination of RCTs and quasi-experimental, or quasi-experimental studies only, with or without meta-analysis.

The two methods to evaluate evidence are a systematic review and meta-analysis. Old Dominion University Library (2021) explains “a systematic review answers a defined research question by collecting and summarizing all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria” and “A meta-analysis is the use of statistical methods to summarize the results of these studies” (Systematic reviews vs. Meta-Analysis). Systematic reviews should have qualities such as (1) clear objectives and predefined criteria for study, (2) explicit methodology, (3) a systematic search attempts to identify all studies, (4) assessment of the validity of results and findings, and (5) systematic presentation of results (Old Dominion University Library, 2021). On the other hand, Meta-analysis combines information from all relevant studies to provide a more precise estimation of effectiveness and the advantage of it is to be able to evaluate research findings objectively (Old Dominion University Library, 2021).

Both methods are used to evaluate evidence effectively in different ways. In order to attain valid information from research or journal articles, we must be able to identify if the evidence that is used in them is accurate and reliable. )Rie)

Evaluating evidence is a necessary step in gathering and using research. One method for evaluating evidence is the use of a structured worksheet which helps identify important factors such as the information source, method of study, sample group size, and potential bias (Taylor & Hignett, 2014). This is useful especially for students and individuals new to research because it helps assess all the necessary elements of strong evidence and guides the evaluation of the study or research. Additionally, these evaluative tools can be used for both qualitative and quantitative research, making it flexible and useful for a variety of data.

A second method for evaluating data is simply to re-create the research itself. Strong evidence should be replicable and applicable to a wide range of patients and circumstances, and will show similar findings when re-tested in different patient groups.

While replicating research may seem like the most accurate way to verify and evaluate research, it comes with intrinsic challenges due to the changing nature of patient groups, health care professionals, and even the researchers themselves (Evans, 2021). Additionally, these studies are often unconsciously influenced by the current culture and geopolitical place, making them difficult to apply across all patient groups and circumstances. The worksheet method for evaluating research does not guarantee perfect results either; however, it has been a fairly reliable method of determining the validity and applicability of research. Additionally, it is more feasibly undertaken by individuals and professionals in a realistic time frame. Professionals must use some method to evaluate the strength of the evidence they use as the basis for their practice and patient care, and ensure that this method gives a high level of reliability. (Stephanie)

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